The land on which Maltnoma district is located today has been inhabited for many centuries by two Indian tribes of the Upper Chinuki. Maltnoma's people lived on and around the island of Owi, while Cascading Indians lived in the valley of the Columbia River. These groups were fishing and trading along the river, collecting berries, shooter, and other tuber vegetables. The nearby Tualatin Plains were a great place to hunt. Later, the first settlement on the site of modern Portland was known as "the Polyana," located on the banks of the Willamette River, about halfway between Oregon City and Fort Vancouver. In 1843, William Overton saw the considerable commercial potential of the land, but he did not have the means to buy it. He made a deal with his partner, Asa Lovejoy of Boston, Massachusetts: for 25 cents, he offered a share of the 640 acres (2.6 km²) plot. Later, Overton sold his stake to Francis Pettygrove from Portland, Maine. Each of the new owners wanted to name the new city after their hometown. In 1845, the dispute was resolved with a coin, and Pettigrove's side fell two times out of three attempts. This historical coin, now known as the Portland Penny, is exhibited at the Oregon Historical Society Museum.

At the time of official registration on 8 February 1851, the city had more than 800 inhabitants, had a steam sawmill, a hotel from the cut, and its own newspaper "Oregonsky Weekly". By 1879, the city's population had reached 17,500. The growing city joined the neighboring cities of Albin and East Portland in 1891, and in 1915 annexed the cities of Linnton and St. Johns.

Portland's location, with access to the Pacific Ocean on the Willamette and Columbia rivers, and to the fertile Tualatin Valley through the "Great Wooden Road" (now known as U.S. Route 26) gave the city a significant advantage over its neighboring ports, allowing it to develop rapidly. It remained the main port of the Pacific Northwest region for much of the nineteenth century, until the 1890s, when Seattle's deep sea quay was connected by rail to the mainland, providing a more comfortable transport link compared to dangerous navigation on the Columbia River.

Other city names

The most commonly used alternative name of the city is the City of Roses, which became the official second name of the city in 2003. Other city names include the following: City of Bridges, Stumptown, Bridgetown, Rip City, Little Beirut, Beervana or Beertown, P- Town,Soccer City USA,Portlandia, and the Synecdote PDX (Name of Portland International Airport).

The Willamette River flows through the city center, and Mount Tabor rises east of the city. The mountains of Saint Helens (left) and Mount Hood (right in the center) are well visible from many parts of the city.

Topography

Portland is located in the north, in the most populated area of Oregon, the Willamette Valley. However, given the cultural and political isolation of the central part of the city from the main part of the valley, the locals do not consider Portland a part of the region. Although the city is almost entirely in Multnomah County, some small areas of the city are in Clackamas County and Washington County, where the 2005 estimates are 785 and 145 5 inhabitants, respectively. The Willamette River flows north through the central part of the city, dividing Portland into the western and eastern parts. Above to the northwest, a short distance from the city, the river flows into the river Columbia (which separates the state of Washington from the state of Oregon).

According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 377 km², of which 348 km² is on land and 29 km² (7.6 %) is on water.

Portland is located on the surface of the extinct Plio-Playstocene volcanic region known as the Boring Lava Field. Its center is located in the south-eastern Portland region and has at least 32 inactive volcanoes, such as Mount Tabor. Potentially active but dormant Mount Hood volcano, located east of Portland, is easily viewed from many parts of the city in clear weather. The active volcano of St. Helens in the southern state of Washington is well visible from the towering areas of the city, is close enough to cover Portland with volcanic dust, as occurred during the eruption of 18 May 1980. Another volcano, Adams, located in the state of Washington, is also well-visible from parts of Portland.

Climate

The city is located in a region with a sea climate characterized by warm and dry summers and rainy but moderate (without severe frosts) winters. This climate is ideal for roses, and for more than a century Portland has been known as The City of Roses, with many floral trees, most notably the International Rose Test Garden .

The summer in Portland is predominantly warm and sunny, sometimes with precipitation, the warmest month of the year is August, with the highest daily temperature of 27.3°C, with a much higher range of day and night temperatures than in winter. Due to its intracontinental location, in the absence of sea breezas, the city can be observed with dry water, especially in July and August, when the air temperature reaches 38 °C. The temperature reaches 32°C more often during this period, on average about 13 days a year. The winter in the city is moderate, with high humidity, with the average temperature of January being 4.4 °C. The lower temperatures are about 37 nights a year, but the temperature rarely falls below 0°C. Freezing is very short-lived, and the snow fall can be seen only a few times a year, although the city is known for its severe snowstorms caused by cold air flows from the Columbia Valley. The winter precipitation ranges from zero to 154.7 cm in the winter of 1892-93. Spring brings unpredictable weather, both warm periods and real thunderstorms that come from the Cascading Mountains. The average rainfall for the central part of Portland is 950 mm, which falls over 155 days a year. The lowest temperature in the city was recorded on February 2, 1950 and amounted to -19 °C. The highest temperature reached 42 °C on 30 July 1965, the same temperature was observed on 8 and 10 August 1981. The temperature of 38 °C was observed in each of the months from May to September.

Panorama of the central part of Portland in the afternoon. View of Hawthorne Bridge from a dock on the Willamette River near the Oregon Science and Industry Museum.

A panorama of central Portland at night. View across the Willamette River in the southeast part of the city.

Portland's Five Squares

Portland is located on the Willamette River near its confluence with the Columbia River. The more populous western part is practically based on the West Hills, also known as the Tualatin Mountains, a part of the city is located behind these mountains and reaches the border with the district of Washington. The more flat eastern part extends over 180 quarters and reaches the suburbs of the city of Gresham. The rural part of the Maltnoma district lies further east. In 1891, the cities of Portland, Albina and East Portland were combined, necessitating the renaming of streets of the same name. "Great renumbering" took place on September 2, 1931, as a result of which the number of houses increased from 20 to 100 per quarter. Portland was divided into 5 parts: Southwest, Southeast, North-West, North and North-East. Burnside St. divides the north and south, while the east and west divide runs along the Willamette River. The river turns westward five blocks from Bernside Street, and then Williams Avenue performs the dividing function instead. The northern part is located between Williams Avenue in the east and the Willamette River in the west.

In the western part, the RiverPlace, Jones Landing and South Waterfront districts are located in the "sixth square", where the order of addressing goes from west to east, towards the river. This "sixth square" is roughly limited to Naito Parkway and Bulvar Barbur in the west, Montgomery Street in the north, and Nevada Street in the south. East-West addressing in this area begins with the number zero (instead of the sign minus). This means that California UZ Street 0246 is not the same address as California UZ Street 246. Many cartographic programs cannot process this format as different addresses.

Parks and gardens

View from the north of Tom McCall Waterfront Park

Planning for parks and greenery started in the city in 1903 with the Portland Park Report by John Charles Olmstead. In 1995, voters in the urban part of Portland voted to adopt measures to conserve natural habitats for fish, wildlife and human beings. 10 years later, more than 33 km² of ecologically valuable land was purchased to permanently protect them from development.

Portland is one of the three cities on the US continent where extinct volcanoes are located (and this is also the case in Jackson (Mississippi) and Bend (Oregon). Tabor Park is famous for its picturesque views and historical natural objects.

Portland is home to "the smallest park in the world", Mills Ends Park.

Panorama - International Garden Of Roses Testing

Portland often receives the Greensest City of America and One of the Greenest Cities awards. Popular Science, an American monthly research and popular magazine, has kept Portland the title of America's greenest city, and Grist magazine ranks second in the list of the world's greenest cities. The city is the birthplace of the annual show parade "Butons and Rose spikes", which was founded in 1975 and continued the tradition of the famous gay parade of the Imperial Independent Court of Oregon (Imperial Sovereign Rose Court of Oregon).

Entertainment and performing arts

Like most major cities, Portland has a number of classical performing arts institutions, including: The Oregon Ballet Theater, the Oregon Symphony Orchestra, the Portland Opera and the Portland Philharmonic of Young Talents. There are also several theatrical scenes like the New York Off Broadway or the Off-Off Broadway theaters, such as Portland Center Stage, Artists Repertory Theatre, Miracle Theatre, Stark Raving Theat re and Tears of Joy Theatre. Portland organizes the world's only film festival, the HP Lovecraft Film Festival, at the Hollywood Theatre. In the southeastern suburb of Richfield is one of the last sex cinemas in the city of Oregon.

The city is home to famous music groups such as The Kingsmen and Paul Revere & the Raiders, which are associated with the famous song "Louis" (1963). Other music singers are also well known: The Dandy Warhols, Everclear, Pink Martini, Sleater-Kinney, The Shins, Blitzen Trapper, The Decemberists and Elliot Smith. The now-torn Satyricon City Night Club is widely known as the meeting place of the late Nirvana leader Kurt Cobain and the leader of the Hole Cortney Love; Love grew up and spent most of her life in Portland. Recently, a number of collectives have emerged, working in the style of the Indi, and have gained national visibility.

Of the well-known cartoonists, from Portland are Matt Graining with his famous Simpsons and Will Wynton with his "Will Vinton's A Claymation Christmas Celebration". Dan Steffan, an illustrator for Heavy Metal and other magazines, lived in Portland. Filmmaker Gus Van Sainte (Umnitz Will Hunting (1997) and Harvey Milk (2008)) is also from Portland. Portland's famous actors are Sam Elliot and Sally Struters.

Among the most recent films made and filmed in Portland are the Extreme Measures, the Body as evidence, the Power of Thought. What do we know about it?, Burnt, Twilight, Paranoid Park, Wendy and Lucy, the Festival of Love, Leaving No Signs, The Koralina in the Nightmare Country. A special feature of Portland's entertainment industry is the large number of cinemas that sell beer and show movies in re-hire or newly restored tapes. The Bagdad Theater and Pub is a classic example of "drink-and-watch" in the cinema. Famous TV series such as Portland, Impact, Suspicious, Grimm, Man from nowhere and Life unpredictable were filmed in Portland.

Writers

Portland's authors are Ursula Creuber Le Guin, a science fiction writer known for her cycle of works on the Earth Sea, the Hein cycle and Orsinian stories; transgressive novelist of art prose Chuck Palanik, widely known by the award-winning novel Fight Club, popular Christian writer Don Miller; award-winning author and journalist, Washington Book Institute, Michael J. Totten) and Beverly Cleary, author of a famous series of children's books about Henry Haggins and his dog Ribsi, Beatrice "Bezus" Kwimbi and Ramona Quimbi. Klickitat Street, where the characters of Clary's books live, is actually in northeast Portland. Sculptures of the characters of these children's books are installed near Grant Park.

Portland hosts a number of independent, small comic book publishers such as Dark Horse Comics and Oni Press, as well as artists and comic book creators such as Brian Michael Bendis and Farel Dalrymple.

Tourism

The symbol of the white deer is a popular business card of the city

Portland is home to a variety of diverse artists and creative organizations, and in 2006 the city was ranked 10th in the most interesting art centers according to the American Style magazine.

Portland Art Museum owns the city's largest art collection, and annually presents a variety of traveling exhibitions. Art galleries abound in the city center, the Pearl District district, as well as in the Alberta Arts District and many other parts of the city.

The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI) is located on the eastern bank of the Willamette River, opposite the central districts of Portland, and contains a variety of practical exhibits from the fields of natural sciences, biology, geology, technology, astronomy, and the model early childhood development. OMSI has the OMNIMAX Cinema and the USS Blueback submarine, which was involved in the Red October Hunt film.

Portland is also the home of Portland Classical Chinese Garden, a real mimic in the style of the fenced Suzhou Garden.

Portland, a statue on the western side of Portland Building, is the second largest chiseled sculpture in the United States (after the Statue of Liberty). Public art objects are managed by the Regional Council for Culture and Art.

The city of Powell’s City of Books, whose central multi-story building at the crossroads of Bernside Street and 10th Street occupies a whole block, claims to be the largest independent bookstore in the United States and the largest bookstore in the west of the Missis River ip. And the specialized computer and science department of this store has recently moved to a new location opposite the main building.

The Portland Rose Festival is held annually in June and consists of two parades, a Dragonbotts competition, a carnival procession in Tom McCall Waterfront Park and dozens of other events.

The Washington Park, which lies on the Western Hills, is a popular recreation area, consisting of the Oregon Zoo, Portland Japanese Garden, the World Forest Center and Hoyt Dendreria.

Shop Visit

Hawthorne District

Portland has many shopping opportunities. The most famous trading areas are Downtown Portland, Nob Hill (the crossing of Northeast 21st and 23rd Avenue), Pearl District and Llo Lloyd District. Most of the large stores are located in the center, including Nordstrom, Macy’s, and H&M. The largest trading facilities in the city are: Bridgeport Village, Washington Square, Clackamas Town Center, Lloyd Center, Vancouver Mol ver Mall) and Pioneer Place. Another place to buy is the Portland Saturday Market, like the city's bazaar, which sells goods ranging from handicrafts to products from Tibet to Portland's cultural diversity. Saturday market operates on weekends from March to Christmas.

Beer

Portland is famous for its microbrewery. Oregon State Public Television documented Portland's contribution to the United States microbrewery revolution in a report called Beervana. Many explain Portland people's interest in beer by Henry Weinhard, a local brewer, in 1888, offering to pump beer from his brewery into the new Skidmore fountain. Portland's modern brewery abundance dates back to 1980, when the state's law authorizing beer consumption in breweries was passed. The innovations in this area were supported by an abundance of local ingredients, including two-row barley, dozens of hop varieties and clean water from the Bull Run Watershed pool.

Portland has more than 40 breweries, more than any other city in the world. These businesses contributed to CNBC's title of "the best city in the United States for happy leisure." McMenamin Brothers alone owns more than thirty beer pubs, alcoholic and wine-growing factories scattered throughout the city, some in restored cinemas, others in historic buildings, previously planned for demolition. Portland's other outstanding brewers are Widmer Brothers, Bridgeport, and Hair of the Dog, as well as many small professional brewers. In 1999, Michael "Beerhunter" Jackson called Portland a candidate for the title of the world's beer capital, because the city boasts more of its breweries than the city of Cologne in Germany. Portland Oregon Visitors Association popularized "Beervana" and "Brewtopia" as the city's second name. In mid-January 2006, the mayor of Tom Potter gave the city its official second name, Beertown.

Kitchen

Initial location of Stumptown Coffee at 45th and Division

In Portland, the restaurant business is rapidly developing, the city was awarded among the three nominees of the Food Network Awards and was awarded the title "The Tastest Achievement of the Year: a burgeoning city with a fast-growing food industry" in 2007. That same year, The New York Times also celebrated Portland for his evolving restaurant world. Travel + Leisure edition ranked Portland 9th among all national cities in 2007. This city is also known as the most favorable place for vegetarians in America.

In U.S. publications. News and CNN Portland was named the world's best street food city. The number of street food outlets reached 500 in 2010. These objects, scattered all over the city, contribute to its appearance, often appearing on television programs and have already become popular places for many Portland residents and guests.

Portland is called the capital of a small brewery. The city is also known as the center of coffee culture. Portland is home to Staptown Coffee Roster, as well as dozens of other micro-routers and cafes.

Sports

"Fashion Center" - home arena "Portland Trail Blathers"

Portland's main sports teams are the MLS-Portland Timbers and Portland Rail Blathers-from the National Basketball Association. There are other less well-known teams in the city as well.

Running is a very popular sport in the city zone, where the Portland Marathon and most of the Hood to Coast relay, the world's largest (by number of participants) long-distance jogging contest, are held annually. In 2016 will pass the World Championships in track and field. The city has two elite running groups, the Nike Oregon Project and the Oregon Track Club, which include the winner of the US 10,000-meter race, Galen Rapp, the two-time British Olympic champion Mo Farah, and the bronze medallist 2008 Olympic Games in the 10,000m Shalan Flanagan. Skiing and snowboarding are also very popular in the town with many nearby resorts in Mount Hood, including the year-round Timberline Lodge.

Portland was once a base for the Portland Rosebuds, a team from the Pacific Coast Hockey Association, the first professional sports team in Oregon, and the first professional hockey team in the United States. The Rosebuds played in the Stanley Cup final in 1916 and became the first American team to achieve such success. In 1926, the team was sold to an investor in Chicago and renamed Chicago Blackhawks.

Portland is one of the most active cycling venues in the United States. The Oregon Cycling Association annually holds hundreds of competitions on cycling. Weekly competitions at Alpenrose Velodrome and Portland International Raceway allow you to travel almost every week from March to September, and from September to December you can take a cycle race, among which you will highlight the Cross Crusade, which gathers about 1,000 cyclists and their fierce fans.

Portland also hosts Rose City Rollers women's roller derby league team.

In Portland there are two student sports teams of the First Division: University of Portland Pilots and Portland State Vikings. Both universities train teams in many sports, including: football, baseball, basketball and American football. The University of Portland plays on the field Joe Etzel Field, the Clive Charles Soccer Complex and the Chiles Center. Portland State University plays at the Stott Center and on Providence Park. In turn, Lewis and Clark College trains several sports teams that perform in the Third Division of the National Association of Student Sports (NCAA).

Media

The Oregonian is the only general education daily that covers events in Portland. It's also distributed throughout the state and in Clark County, Washington.

Smaller local newspapers distributed free of charge through mailboxes and distributed throughout the city include Portland Tribune (a broad-based Thursday newspaper), Willamette Week The Portland Mercury is another weekly magazine aimed at young urban audiences and published on Thursdays, and The Asian Reporter is a weekly newsletter. Asia's breaking news, both international and local.

Portland Indymedia is one of the oldest and largest Independent Media Centers. The Portland Alliance, mainly an anti-authoritarian progressive monthly, is the largest radical print publication in the city. Just Out, which was published twice a month in Portland until the end of 2011, was a regional outlet of the LGBT community. A fortnightly periodical, Street Roots, is distributed in the city by members of the homeless community.

The Portland Business Journal is a weekly that covers financial and economic news, as well as the Daily Journal of Commerce. Portland Monthly is a monthly cultural news magazine. The Bee (Bee), founded 105 years ago, is a district newspaper serving the southern neighborhood.

Portland has a wide range of television and radio channels.

As of July 2008, the city had an estimated population of 575,930, making it the thirtieth city in the United States. Portland is Oregon's most populous city and the third largest city in the Pacific northwest after Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada) and Seattle (Washington, USA). Portland's agglomeration is home to about 2 million people, which as of July 2006 ranks it 23rd among the most populated urban areas in the United States. The area is 376.5 km², including a water surface - 28.6 km². It is located at an average altitude of 15.2 m above sea level.

2010 census data

The racial structure of the population was as follows: 72.2% are white (421,773), 9.4% are Hispanic (any race) (54,840), 8.9% are Asian (51,854), 7.8% are African (4 5,545), 2.4 per cent Native Americans (14,262), 0.9 per cent Okeanians (5,229) and 5.0 per cent other races (28,987). In the city the number of Russians (6894) is slightly more than 1%, Russian speakers 1.8% (10 375).

Of the 223,737 households, 24.5 per cent lived with children under 18 years of age, 38.1 per cent were married together, 10.8 per cent were single families and 47.1 per cent were non-family. 34.6% were households with single people and 9% were single people aged 65 and over. The average household size was 2.3 persons, the average family size was 3 persons.

The age distribution of the population is as follows: 21.1% - under 18 years of age, 10.3% of 18-24 years of age, 34.7% of 25-44 years of age, 22.4% of 45-64 years of age, and 11.6% -5 years of age. The average age was 35 years. For every 100 women there are 97.8 men. For every 100 women over the age of 18, there are 95.9 men.

The average income in the city was $40,146, and the average income per family was $50,271. The average income of men was $35,279 compared to $29,344 for women. Per capita income in the city is $22,643. About 8.5 per cent of households and 13.1 per cent of the population lived below the poverty line, including 15.7 per cent of the population under 18 years of age and 10.4 per cent of the population aged 65 and over. Data on income in the racial structure are not available at this time.

Portland population growth from 1850 to 2010

However, despite population growth, the number of children in the city is decreasing, which has a negative impact on the city's education system and has already led to the closure of several schools. In 2005, a study showed that Portland currently had fewer children enrolled than in 1925, while the total population had doubled. This trend means that Portland will have to close three or four schools each year over the next decade.

In 1940, Portland's African-American population was approximately 2,000, mainly represented by railway workers and their families. During the wartime, the construction boom of the Liberty warships resulted in a significant increase in labor requirements and an influx of black people into the city. The main waves of these people settled in the suburbs of Albin and Wenport. The 1948 flood that destroyed the Wanport led to the concentration of black people in the northeastern part of the city. With a share of 7.90%, Portland's African-American population is almost four times the average in Oregon. More than two-thirds of the total number of black residents of the state live in Portland. According to the 2000 census, the city's three high schools (Cleveland, Lincoln, and Wilson) had more than 70% of white students, which corresponds to the general population structure, while the Jefferson High School had only 13% of white students. The remaining 6 schools have the advantage of non-white students, including black and Asian students. The percentage of Spanish students ranges from 3.3% at Wilson School to 31% at Roosevelt School.

Marquam Bridge over the Willamette River, a view from the southwest, the top of the Marquam Hill

The Asian ethnic group in Portland is 7.1%, reaching 8.9%, taking into account partial heredity. Vietnamese make up 2.2% of the city's population and constitute the largest of the Asian population groups, followed by Chinese (1.7%), Filipinos (0.6%), Japanese (0.5%), Koreans (0.4%), Lao ( 0.4%), Hmong (0.2%), and Cambodians (0.1%).

The 12,000 Vietnamese make Portland one of the main destinations of this ethnic group in the United States, on average per capita. According to statistics, the city has 21,000 inhabitants of Oceania, representing 4% of the total population.

Portland is the country's 7th largest LGBT community, with a gay population of 8.8%.

History of racial structure

Portland's population was and remains largely represented by a white ethnic group, based on historical trends. In 1940, whites made up 98% of the total population of the city. In 2009, Portland ranked fifth among the 40 largest urban areas in the United States in terms of white population. In 2007, a study conducted in 40 of the largest cities in the United States found Portland to be the city with the highest proportion of white people in the city. Some researchers call the Pacific Northwest region as a whole "one of the last white bastions in the US" Although Portland's population structure is historically similar to the neighboring cities of Seattle and Salt Lake City, the latter experienced a greater diversification of ethnic groups in the late 1990s and 200s 0s. Portland is not only white, but urban migration is predominantly white, partly due to the high interest of young middle-aged Americans, who are largely white.

Oregon banned black migration in 1849. In the 19th century, some laws allowed Chinese to enter, but they did not allow them to own property here or transport their families. In the early 1920’s, the rapid growth of the Ku Klux Klan, which began to influence Oregon politics, led to the election of Governor Walter M. Pierce).

The largest growth of ethnic minorities was observed in the city during World War II, when the number of African-American population increased by a factor of 10, owing to the need to attract additional labor for military production. After the war, flooding in Vanport City in 1948 displaced many black people. The new residence for them was the neighboring suburb of Albina. Both in Portland and elsewhere, they experienced police hostility, difficulty in finding work, discrimination in lending, which resulted in the departure of about half of all black people. The widespread practice of discrimination in the provision of housing has a significant impact on the racial structure of the population today. A 2011 Rent Market Audit by the Oregon Council of Fair Housing found that 64% of the 50 renters provided discriminatory conditions to black or Latin American ethnic groups. Local newspaper The Oregonian states: "These groups are offered higher prices and collateral, or they require additional fees, or they don't give the usual special conditions for moving, etc."

In the 1980s and 1990s, radical skinhead groups were developing rapidly in Portland. In 1988, a student from Ethiopia, Mulugeta Seraw, was killed by three skinheads. The response to his murder was numerous demonstrations, movements and events aimed at reducing the level of racial intolerance in the city, which resulted in a significant increase in the tolerance of its residents.

During the reconstruction of the northern part of Portland, along the MAX Yellow Line tram line, the movement of ethnic minorities emerged with new vigor. Ten of the 29 population surveys conducted in 2000 in the northern and northeastern districts of Portland were not dominated by white ethnic groups. By 2010, there was no area left where non-white people would dominate, owing also to the significant increase in the cost of living due to gentrification. Today, the African-American community lives predominantly in the north of the city, especially in the King Neighborhood.

Portland's housing cost index is above the national average.

Portland is an important economic hub in the northwest of the United States. Large port (cargo turnover 9 mln tons in 1970), railway hub, airport. Its location is beneficial for many industries. Relatively low energy prices, a rich raw material base, North-South and East-West highways, international airport terminals, maritime infrastructure, and both main railways of the West Coast are the main economic advantages of the city. In its 2009 report, "designed to help governments and large companies effectively locate employees on international projects," the US consultancy Mercer ranked Portland 42nd in the World's Quality of Life Rating; The study was conducted according to the following criteria: political stability, personal freedom, sanitation, crime, housing accessibility, the environment, leisure opportunities, banking, consumer access, education and municipal infrastructure, including the transport sector.

The urban history of attracting large companies is mixed. Large companies such as Willamette Industries, Louisiana-Pacific, CH2M HILL, U.S. Bank, and Evraz North American (formerly known as Oregon Steel Mills), both withdrew their headquarters from the city, as did small companies, including Lucy Activewear and Northwest Pipe Company. Examples of companies involved in the city are North American or American representative offices of Vestas Wind Systems, and manufacturers of sports products Li-Ning Co., Hi-Tec Sports, KEEN, Inc. and Adidas.

Other important business representatives in the city are the advertising agency Wieden+Kennedy; financial sector companies Umpqua Holdings Corporation and StanCorp Financial Group; Rentrak data processing company public utilities PacifiCorp, NW Natural, and Portland General Electric; Integra Telecom communication provider; chain of restaurants McMenamins and McCormick & Schmick’s; Leatherman tool manufacturer and architects ZGF Architects LLP and Boora Architects.

The city also has timber processing, paper, metal processing, food industry, transport and electrical engineering. The city's largest employer is a well-known Intel chip maker, whose main factory is located in the suburbs of Portland Hilsboro, along with a large number of related companies. Portland is home to Freightliner, a well-known truck manufacturer.

Near Portland is the Bonville HPP.

Eastbank, one of Esplanada's sections

Real estate and construction

The laws of Oregon, passed in 1973, introduced certain requirements and restrictions for the construction of large buildings. These regulations govern access to infrastructure communications (sewerage, water and communications), as well as to police, fire service and schools. Initially, the law provided for the city to provide territories for development for the next 20 years of growth; However, in 2007, the law extended that period to 50 years of growth within the existing borders and established protection for nearby agricultural territories.

Determination of rigid urban boundaries, together with the measures taken by the PDC to create economic development zones, resulted in intensive development of the central part of the city, an increase in the number of construction of medium- and high-level facilities and a general increase in the density of construction.

Manufacturing and Technology

The computer component manufacturer, Intel Corporation is the largest employer in the region, employing more than 15,000 people, at its production capacity west of Portland, in the city of Hillsboro. Today, there are more than 1,200 technology companies in the city. Such a significant share of technology companies led to the city being called Silicon Forest, analogous to the Silicon Valley technology field in Northern California. Despite the superiority of manufacturing companies on Portland's business map, an increasing number of software startups are emerging in the city thanks to the support of special funds and business incubators.

Portland is home to Adidas' North American representative office, and Nike, FLIR Systems, Columbia Sportswear, TriQuint Semiconductor, and many others have settled in the city. Nike and Precision Castparts Corp. are the only Fortune 500 representatives in Oregon. Other manufacturers located in the region are Freightliner Trucks, Zidell Companies, The Collins Companies, Western Star Trucks also have its own truck production in the city.

The history of steel production in the region dates back to the pre-war period before World War II. By the 1950s, the industry became the largest employer in the region. Steel production is still thriving thanks to the activities of Schnitzer Steel Industries, which sent a record 1.15 billion tons of scrap metal to Asia in 2003. Other heavy industry enterprises are ESCO Corporation and Oregon Steel Mills.

Logistics

Portland is the largest wheat supplier in the U.S., and the world's second largest seaport for wheat turnover Only sea terminals handle about 13 million tons of cargo per year, being one of the largest commercial dry docks in the country. Portland is the third largest export port on the US west coast, despite its 130-kilometer distance up the river.

MAX Light Rail is the central link of Portland's public transport system

The Portland Streetcar tram travels north to south via the Center

Portland offers transportation services typical of all major U.S. cities, but urban land management and transit-oriented design policies within urban boundaries result in commuters receiving a wide range of well-developed travel routes. In 2011, a Walk Score study ranked Portland 12th in the top 50 cities best suited for walking.

In 2008, 12.6% of all traffic in the city was carried out by public transport. TriMet is the region's main bus carrier, and the light-rail MAX (short for Metropolitan Area Express) system that connects the city to the suburbs is an important transport link. Westside Express Service, or WES, was launched in February 2009 to serve the western suburbs, as well as the cities of Biverton and Wilsonville. The Portland Streetcar line runs from the south bank of the river, through the Portland State University to the north to residential and commercial neighborhoods. In autumn 2012 it is planned to expand this line by 5.3 km in the area of the eastern bank of the Willamette River. The line will shut down the West Bank ring as soon as the Portland Milwaukee Bridge is operational in 2013. In the central part of the city there is a free public transport zone called Free Rail Zone. The Fifth and Sixth Avenues are the Portland Transit Corridor, two one-sided streets, mainly for public transport, with limited access to cars. Intensive development of the transport system continues with the construction of two new lines and a new transit corridor. TriMet provides real-time access to information about the movement of its transport units in TransitTracker; moreover, this data is available to third-party developers for implementation in their own information systems.

Highway I-5 connects Portland to the Willamette Valley, South Oregon, California South, and Washington State North. Road I-405 forms a ring with highway I-5 around the central part of the city, and highway I-205 provides transportation to the eastern side and leads to Portland International Airport. The US 26 road runs through the city and goes further to the Pacific coast in the west and Mount Hood and Central Oregon in the east. The US-30 road has a main, backup and business corridors across the city, reaching the cities of Gresham and Astoria to the west and the dormitory areas to the east, then passes to highway I-84, going towards the city of Boise, Idaho.

Portland International Airport Portland International Airport, ICAO: KPDX; IATA: PDX) is the main airport of both the city and the entire state of Oregon, serving 90% of all passenger and 95% of all cargo air transportation of the state. The airport is 20 minutes away by car (40 minutes on MAK) northeast of Downtown (city center). Portland also has a helicopter port that is used exclusively for public aviation.

Union Station

Amtrak, a national rail carrier, serves passengers at Union Station, offering three destinations. Long-haul routes are Coast Starlight (flight from Los Angeles to Seattle) and Empire Builder (flight from Portland to Chicago) Amtrak Cascades routes travel between Vancouver (British Columbia, Canada) ) and Eugene several times a day.

Portland is the only city in the United States where the steam rail trains that were donated to the city in 1958 by the operator company remain. The Spokane, Portland & Seattle 700 and the world-famous Southern Pacific 4449 can be seen several times a year at the head of special tour trains, both locally and outside the city. In its seven years of existence, Holiday Express, which runs Oregon Pacific Railroad on the weekend of December, has become a true Portland tradition. These and other trains are run by volunteers who participate in the Oregon Railway Heritage Foundation, an association of railway industry enthusiasts who are currently building a new depot and railway center near the Museum of Science and Industry OMSI.

The Portland cable car connects the South Waterfront with the Oregon University of Science and Health (OHSU)

Cycling is an important mode of transport in Portland. Urban support of cycling has allowed the city to take the leading position in the world rankings of cities suitable for cyclists. Roughly 8% of residents go to work by bicycle, a record number among the major US cities, and nearly 10 times the national average. Bicycle Transport Alliance holds an annual competition during which thousands of participants compete in the distance and time traveled behind the wheel. The city was recognized by the American Cycling League and other organizations for the development of infrastructure that facilitates the comfortable use of bicycles as a means of transportation.

Short-term car rental services for residents of the city and some suburbs are offered by Zipcar, Car2Go, and U Car Share. Portland also has a cable car, Portland Aerial Tram, which connects the South Waterfront area on the Willamette River to the campus of the Oregon University of Science and Health on Marquam Hill.

Portland has five large skateparks and a historic skatepark called Burnside Skatepark. The newest of them, Gabriel Skatepark, was opened on July 12, 2008. Fourteen more are under construction. The Wall Street Journal described Portland as "perhaps the most skateboarding-friendly city in America."

City of Portland

Portland is managed by the City Council of Portland, which includes the Mayor, four Authorized Representatives and an Auditor. Each of them is elected in city-wide elections for a four-year term. The auditor conducts audits and establishes a balance of use of public funds. Also, it is the responsibility of the Auditor to provide information and reports on a wide range of issues related to the city management.

The City Office of Cooperation with the Neighbors acts as a communicator between the city administration and the 95 officially registered suburban areas. Each of these areas is represented by the Voluntary District Association, which represents the interests of the inhabitants of the area in urban management. The city provides funding to these associations through seven District Coalitions, each of which comprises several District Associations. Most of the District Associations (but not all) belong to one of the District Coalition.

Portland and its surroundings are served by Metro, the only U.S. city planning organization elected in direct elections. The organization's charter enshrines its right to address issues related to land management, road traffic management, waste management and urban development. The metro is also the owner and management organization of the following urban facilities: The Oregon Assembly Center, the Oregon Zoo, the Portland Center for Fine Arts and the Portland City Exhibition Center.

The Maltnoma District Government provides a wide range of services in Portland, as does the Washington and Clacamas District Government in the western and southern parts.

Portland is a staunch Democratic Party supporter. Although local elections are held on a non-partisan basis, most of the city's official posts are allocated to Democrats.

All Portland delegates to the Oregon Legislative Assembly are Democrats. In the current, 76th Oregon Legislative Assembly, which was convened in 2011, four state senators represent Portland in the State Senate: Diane Rosenbaum (Area 21), Chip Shields (Area 22), Jackie Dingfelder (Area 23), and Rod Monroe (Area 24). Portland sent six representatives to the State House of Representatives: Jules Bailey (Area 42), Lew Frederick (Area 43), Tina Kotek (Area 44), Michael Dembrow (Area 45), Alissa Keny-Guyer (Area 46), and Jefferson Smith (Area 47).

Federal, Portland is divided into three electoral districts. Most of the city belongs to the 3rd district, represented by Earl Blumenauer, who served on the city council from 1986 until his election to Congress in 1996. Most of the city west of the Willamette River is in the 1st district, represented by Suzanne Bonamici. A small part of the city in the southwest belongs to the 5th district represented by Kurt Schrader. All three are members of the Democratic Party; The Republican Party has had no significant representation in the House of Representatives from Portland since 1975. Both Senators from Oregon, Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley are also from Portland and both are Democrats.

In the 2008 US presidential election, the democratic candidate Barack Obama easily won in Portland, with 245,464 votes from the city's citizens, while his opponent, Republican John McCain, managed to win only 50,614 votes.

Sam Adams, the current mayor of Portland, was the first to openly declare his sexual orientation as mayor in 2009. In 2004, 59.7% of voters in Maltnoma district voted against Oregon Law 36, which amended the Oregon state constitution to prohibit same-sex marriage. This law was passed by 56.6% of the votes of the entire state. Maltnoma District was one of the two districts that voted against the ban, while another district was Benton District, home to the city of Corvallis, the seat of Oregon State University.

On April 28, 2005, Portland became the only city in the United States to withdraw its participation in the Joint Terrorism Task Force.

Planning and Development

A 1966 photo depicts a power plant operating on the outskirts of the city's central city, which was destroyed to liberate land for denser construction. The high-rise buildings on the left side were among the first projects of the Portland Construction Commission.

The city started consultations with urban developers in 1903. It was then that Washington Park and one of the best landscaping areas in the country - the 40-mile Ring, which connects many city parks into a single whole.

Portland is often cited as an example of a city where much attention is paid to land-use planning. This policy is based mainly on the law adopted in 1973 under the Governor Tom McCall on restrictions on land use, in particular the requirements for compliance with the established boundaries of each city. The other opposite, a city where land use is not a priority, is most often referred to as Houston, Texas.

Portland's urban boundary requirements, adopted in 1979, established a clear division between the city's territory (where high density development is encouraged and encouraged) and farmland, where severe restrictions on non-agricultural land use are imposed. This decision was quite atypical in the era of car-building, which caused many cities to cross their historical borders and the rapid construction along highways, as well as the emergence of suburbs and satellite cities.

The state's original rules included conditions for expanding the city's boundaries, but critics considered them insufficient. In 1995, the State enacted a law that required cities to expand city boundaries to provide enough land to sustain current development dynamics for the next 20 years.

The Portland Construction Commission (PSC) is a semi-public organization that plays a decisive role in the development and development schemes of the central part of the city; It was created by voters in 1958 to serve as an agency for monitoring the effective use of the territories. The organization develops and implements programs of construction and economic development of the city, as well as cooperates with all major developers in the development of major projects.

In the early 1960s, the PSC carried out the demolition of a large Italian-Jewish quarter that was between highway I-405, the Willamette River, 4th Avenue and Market Street.

Central Portland

Mayor Neil Goldschmidt took over the city in 1972 with ideas for returning homes and activities to the center of the city, which was empty after five o'clock in the evening. These efforts have had a significant impact on the area's development and, after 30 years, huge housing complexes were built in three districts: north of Portland State University (between highway I-405, South-West Broadway and South-West Taylor Street); RiverPlace development along the river bank under the Marquam bridge; and particularly notable in the Pearl District (between I-405, Bernside Street, S-Z Norctul and S-Z 9th Avenue.)

The Urban Institute of Green Spaces, which is located at the Geographic Center of Cartographic Studies of the Portland State University, is developing methods for better integration of artificial and natural landscapes. The Institute works on planning urban parks, recreational areas and natural areas at both local and regional levels.

In October 2009, the City Council of Portland unanimously adopted an action plan until 2050 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 80% of the 1990 level. According to the Grist magazine, Portland is the world's second most environmentally friendly or green city, second only to the capital of Iceland, Reykjavik. In 2010, real estate company Move, Inc. included Portland in the list of "The Greenest 10 Cities."

Freedom of speech

The Oregon State Constitution very strongly protects the right to freedom of speech and expression, and the State High Court also supported these provisions, which in its verdict in the 1987 State v. Henry, ruled that full nudity and private dances in strip clubs were an expression of freedom of expression, and in that connection in Portland by some estimates, there are more strip clubs per capita than in Las Vegas or San Francisco. The city even earned the nickname "Pornland" for its strip clubs, erotic massage parlors and high levels of child prostitution. The term was widely used in 2010, but was originally mentioned in 2003 by Chuck Palanic.

The judge dismissed the charges against the naked cyclist in November 2008 because the World Blue Ride "became a established tradition in Portland." The first event of the series was held in 1999 and was attended by only 7 participants; at the time, he was jokingly called "critical ass" (playing the name of Critical Mass bicycle racing). Participants were supposed to 'buy' a bicycle at a local store and return it the next morning. The event started at midnight and lasted until all participants were stopped or arrested. A funny detail was that the officers conducting the detention refused to touch the naked participants of the bike ride. In 2009, the Blue Bicycle race was held without major incidents. The city police monitored the participants' route to avoid traffic accidents. The total number of participants ranged from 3,000 to 5,000. In June 2010, the Portland-based World Blue Ride gathered 13,000 participants..

A state law prohibiting public insult to prevent potential violence was being tested in the city, but the State High Court unanimously rejected the law as it could result in restriction of freedom of expression.

Schools

Portland is served by six public school districts and many private schools. The largest school district is Portland Public Schools.

College and University

There are also many colleges and universities in the city, the largest of which are Portland Public College, Portland State University and Oregon University of Health and Science. The city also has private universities, Portland, Reed College and Lewis and Clark College.

Oregon Museum of Science and Industry

Oregon Museum of Science and Industry (OMSI) offers many informative information for children and adults. It consists of five main halls, most of which are divided into small laboratories: Earth Science Hall, Life Sciences Hall, Turbin Hall, Scientific Square and Special Expositions Hall. In the last hall, a new exposition appears every few months. Thematic laboratories include chemical, physical, technological, paleontological, natural and water supply laboratories. The museum also features a number of unique facilities, such as the USS Blueback (SS-581), OMNIMAX Dome Theater, and Kendall Museum Planetarium. The USS Blueback submarine was the last non-nuclear, quick attack submarine in the United States Navy, now offering it for daily excursions. The OMNIMAX Dome Theater is a variant of the IMAX technology cinema, where the image is projected onto a curved surface. The surface area of the projection in OMNIMAX is 606.8 m2. In the OMNIMAX Theater, the image is projected using the largest film industry cadres, which are 10 times larger than the usual 35 mm film. Kendall Planetarium is the largest and most technological construction of its kind in the Pacific Northwest region. The museum is located at 1945 SE Water Ave. The building is built right on the river bank and is conveniently located near the Springwater Corridor entrance and the Eastbank Esplanade pedestrian and cycling paths.

Portland Museum of Arts

This museum is the largest city art collection and annually holds exhibitions of collections from other museums. The recent addition of the Contemporary Art Wing allowed the museum to enter the list of the 25 largest museums in the United States.

Oregon Historical Museum

The Oregon Historical Museum was founded in 1898. It features collections of books, films, paintings, artifacts and maps on the history of Oregon. The museum has one of the most extensive collections of materials devoted to the history of the state in the USA.

Portland Children's Museum

This children's museum was specially created for early childhood development. The museum covers a wide range of topics, many of its exhibitions are regularly updated to provide visitors with the latest information. The museum also has a small primary school where children are taught.

On the river Villamet at night

According to the Uniform Crime Report, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 2009, Portland ranks 53 out of 75 US cities with a population of more than 250,000. The rate of homicides in Portland between 2005 and 2009 averaged 3.9 per 100,000 persons per year, lower than the national average. Portland is above the national average for other crimes. According to the city police, the most dangerous areas of the city are the streets Killingsworth, 82nd Avenue, and St. Johns Woods Apartments. In October 2009, Forbes magazine named Portland the third city in the U.S. in terms of safety of life.

The Broadway Bridge, built in 1913, was the world's largest opening bridge

Portland does not have significant historical structures, but the city is also attracted by the application of the principles of harmonious integration of nature and artificial landscape in urban planning. Esplanada Eastbank, a recreation area built on the banks of the River, was well known at the site of the former industrial zones. With a budget of just $30 million, based on the structure of the three-kilometer promenade and the old dam, the esplanade passes under the city's most beautiful bridges and forms a view of the old historic center of Portland.

Portland is also famous for its parks; on the territory of one of them, Mt. Tabor Park, is a extinct volcano. The city also has the world's smallest park, the Mills Ends Park, with an area of 0.3 m².

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• Portland Tram
• Portland Institute of Modern Art

• Official municipal website
• Esplanade Eastbank tour (video).